ANZ Economic Outlook

It’s fair to say that over 2021-22 the New Zealand economy undertook an ambitious sprint that it wasn’t remotely in shape to handle. It was pulling muscles and popping the odd lung, while spectacularly overheating. In response, the RBNZ stopped handing out the energy drinks and instead added drag resistance with ever-higher interest rates until it came staggering to a stop – a compulsory breather in pursuit of low and stable CPI inflation. More than one sector has been flat on its back, but the good news is, it worked, and come 2025 the economy is starting to get back on its feet. And provided inflation pressures remain contained, the RBNZ should allow the economy to build towards a sustainable pace of expansion, a nice steady jog. If the economy falters (taking CPI inflation below target), the RBNZ will be ready with the sugar. If it bolts (pushing inflation above the target band) the RBNZ stands ready to slow it down once more. Setting the economy running at a steady pace that keeps inflation contained while achieving its best possible race result may require some policy recalibration down the track, particularly given global uncertainty, but for now, cutting the OCR to a non-restrictive level (currently assumed to be ~3%) and stepping back to watch the race is an appropriate strategy.  

The RBNZ has started withdrawing monetary restriction. Parts of the economy are responding to that, but it will take time for easier monetary conditions to be reflected in hard economic outcomes. Business confidence has lifted sharply, but activity and employment indicators for the here and now, while off their lows, are still soft relative to history. Auction clearance rates suggest the housing market is about to turn a corner, but there’s still plenty of data to suggest it is quite loose currently. Falling interest rates are expected to drive a recovery in economic growth towards trend, and an eventual improvement in labour market conditions. But there’s still a patch of soft momentum to navigate in the near term, and things will remain patchy for some time. The RBNZ is not on a preset path, and the data flow will determine the pace and extent of easing. We remain comfortable with our current forecast for the OCR to reach 3.5% by mid-2025.

Recent high-frequency data suggests the slowdown in the economy is broadening and gathering pace. But there is a risk in taking the full signal from these data, given that GDP, CPI and labour market data have all evolved broadly as expected. While interest rates are heading lower, there are still risks to the disinflation trajectory and the pace of policy easing remains uncertain. The uncertainty is brought about by the fact that by and large this downturn is policy induced. Unlike previous downturns, the economy hasn’t experienced a sudden confidence or income shock. Accordingly, as the RBNZ takes the handbrake off, there’s a risk that the economy bounces back faster, potentially threatening inflation’s descent to 2%. How much damage has been done from past tightening, and how this persists (particularly in the labour market) is likely to define the pace of easing.

Non-tradable inflation has surprised on the stickier side of expectations of late, suggesting the lags from monetary tightening are lengthier and/or tightening hasn’t quite gotten as much inflation-fighting traction as previously assumed. However, economic activity has been on balance weaker than expected and forward-looking indicators suggest things aren’t going to pick up any time soon. Indeed, key drivers of economic momentum such as housing, fiscal policy, net migration, and the terms of trade are increasingly playing ball in terms of the slowdown the RBNZ needs to see. Increasing coordination across these drivers could become particularly potent if amplified by households and businesses following through on their reported pessimism.

All up, the economy is on the right track for disinflation, but there are still unresolved questions about the speed of the train and whether the track leads all the way to 2% – or for that matter whether we’ll overshoot the station. Here and now, inflation is still way too high, and upside risks remain. That’s expected to keep the RBNZ in its watch, worry, wait stance for a while yet, standing ready to respond and recalibrate to data surprises in either direction. 

The economy has cooled, but there’s still a long descent to 2% inflation to navigate from here. High interest rates are cooling demand and have caused GDP data to look recessionary. However, despite the weakness, capacity pressures need to weaken further in order to get inflation sustainably back to 2%. It’s more challenging than usual for the RBNZ to calibrate its policy response, given the large shocks that are still buffeting the economy and old pandemic-era shocks that are still working their way through. Let’s dig into some key drivers in a little more detail.

November 2023: Ups and downs (PDF 1.57MB)
The battle between economic tailwinds and headwinds continues to play out. A turning housing market, surging net migration, and expansionary fiscal policy are landing some hefty blows against contractionary monetary conditions, softer global demand, and heightened geopolitical tensions and global market volatility. There are clear winners and losers in the resulting patchy outlook. Overall business sentiment is well off the floor, but remains generally low. Until the RBNZ has CPI inflation back in the bag, it’s hard to see economic conditions turning ‘rosy’ any time soon. However, whether it’s a stronger housing market, a lower exchange rate (adding fuel to the net exports recovery), or a stronger household sector, it’s still a case of be careful what you wish for. With inflation this high, monetary policy would have to lean against any sources of renewed (or sustained) inflation pressures with a higher OCR than otherwise, whether that’s a higher peak than the current level of 5.5% or a deferral of eventual OCR cuts. In that context, muddling along and quietly disinflating isn’t a bad adjustment path, if the economy can hold the line. Let’s dig into some key drivers in a little more detail. 

August 2023: Waiting on the last domino (PDF 1.64MB)
Drivers of economic momentum are traveling in all directions at present. Fiscal policy will be expansionary in the near term. Monetary policy will not. Net migration is very strong, but easing quickly. Geopolitical tensions remain heightened. Changes to the RBNZ’s macroprudential settings and consumer credit legislation represent a loosening in financial conditions, all else equal. The housing market is now picking up. Falling export prices (particularly dairy) are weighing. High CPI inflation is eroding household incomes, but wage growth is higher, reflecting the tight (but loosening) labour market. Consumer and business surveys have improved, but are still generally low.
All up, it’s hardly surprising that there’s a range of views out there about where things are going. The economy is clearly softening, but is it softening fast enough to prevent high domestic inflation from becoming entrenched? Our expectation: not quite, which is why we expect the RBNZ to return to the hiking table come November.

May 2023: Moving parts (PDF 2.05MB)
The economy is set to slow as 2023 goes on, with our core macroeconomic outlook little changed from our February edition. We expect the lagged effects of monetary policy to become hard to miss as the months go by, with a stagnant housing market, weakening labour demand, slower household spending, and reduced business and residential investment seeing the economy slip into recession in the second half of the year. Given this narrative is well understood and “textbook”, we skip relatively quickly over our central forecasts before getting to the interesting bit – why we might be wrong! There are significant risks on both the upside and downside when it comes to the outlook for both growth and inflation – and of course, by association, the Official Cash Rate. On balance, we see the risks skewed towards the RBNZ sooner or later deciding more is needed to get inflation down, but downside risks have certainly not gone away – and indeed arguably grow in that scenario. More positively, ongoing supply-side recovery is good for both growth and bringing inflation down, and could be a stronger force than our forecasts build in.

February 2023: Brake point (PDF 1.82MB)
A policy-induced recession is looming. While it’s going to hurt some households more than others, we’re hopeful this slowdown will turn the tide on domestic inflation, and set the broader economy on a more sustainable path over the longer run. Risks remain bi-directional, but we think they are broadly balanced around our recently updated OCR call for a peak of 5.25%. But no doubt 2023 has a few surprises waiting for us. This time last year we were forecasting a peak OCR of 3% – and as we go to print the OCR is at 4.25%! We present two ‘plausible’ scenarios that could see the OCR a year from now higher or lower than our forecast by a similar magnitude. Special topics on how the Auckland floods and what tentatively look like strong net migration inflows have been factored into our outlook are on page 9 and 10 respectively.

November 2022: Coming in to land (PDF 1.85MB)
Economic growth is poised to slow as monetary tightening weighs on domestic demand. But the return of international tourism and weaker demand for imports should provide a decent offset in GDP terms. Whether or not New Zealand avoids recession remains a line ball call. But it’s important to note that not all recessions are created equal. A recession that brings about a transition from the currently over-stretched economy towards sustainable expansion, while also avoiding a significant household income shock, may not be as bad as the R-word sounds, particularly from a long-run economic stability perspective. And if it means squashing the current wage-price spiral before it necessitates even more aggressive action by the RBNZ, then it may be a cost worth paying. One way or another, the economy needs to find its way to a sustainable path. Price (and economic) stability is at stake, and so too is very hard-won central bank credibility. Hopefully a 5% OCR is enough to get the job done.

August 2022: On the edge (PDF 1.37MB)
Our forecasts have the NZ economy avoiding recession, but that’s only because we’ve pencilled in a strong recovery in net exports (as over-stimulated demand for imported goods wanes and exports of services recover). But from a domestic (gross national expenditure) perspective, we do expect a contraction over the first half of 2023. If international tourism and education don’t pick up as quickly as we’re hoping, the whole economy could easily slip into recession. But for the RBNZ, given the low likelihood of a sharp supply-side recovery (we’ve downgraded our outlook for net migration), and very strong wage growth, the task of taming inflation hasn’t got any easier. We may have downgraded our outlook for activity, but a decent slowdown will be needed to bring inflation under control. Hopefully, it will take an OCR of only 4% to achieve it. But 7% wage growth certainly takes the edge off the tightening delivered so far.

May 2022: Rebalancing act (PDF 1.85MB)
The economy is transitioning from domestic demand that was overstimulated (with the benefit of hindsight), to a rapid withdrawal of monetary stimulus in order to tame the inflation beast. The reopening of our border will hopefully offset some of the slowing in domestic demand, but it’ll be only a partial offset. It’s a fine balance for the RBNZ as they weigh up the risk of oversteering (engineering a hard landing for economic activity and inflation) against the risk that inflation pressures continue to spiral. At some point in the not-too-distant future, the OCR will be back at a level where these risks are a little more balanced, and decisions will be more difficult.

February 2022: Turning points (PDF 1.69MB)
We're now about two years into the pandemic. While the economic implications are now better understood, and the worst of the data volatility is behind us (touch wood), there is still plenty of scope for surprises. Our focus has shifted from trying to gauge lockdown impacts, and the likely degree of economic scarring associated with them, to trying to gauge the likely evolution of the many drivers that influence both the supply and demand sides of the economy. This isn't anything new when it comes to the art of economic forecasting, but the abnormally long list of turning points for key drivers of economic activity certainly adds to the challenge.

December 2021: Red light/green light (PDF 1.88MB)
As 2021 draws to an end we consider the forces that will hopefully guide the NZ economy towards a sustainable growth path through 2022 and beyond. All going well, 2022 will bring the next big stage of the Great Normalisation: living with COVID-19 and gradually reopening our borders. All our fingers and toes are crossed for a smooth transition, but there are many lingering economic distortions out there that could well bring a surprise or two as we travel the lengthy path towards normalisation. Right now, the economy is simply too stretched, and stimulus clearly needs to be dialled back. But the past 18 months show economic conditions can change extremely quickly. A cautious approach is warranted.

September 2021: Two steps forward, one step back (PDF 1.40MB)
The discovery of the Delta variant of COVID-19 circulating in the New Zealand community has brought our spectacular economic recovery to a sharp stop. And it was spectacular – GDP grew 1.6% in Q1, exceeding pre-pandemic levels, unemployment fell from 5.3% to a post-2008 low of 4%, wage inflation was building, and the RBNZ’s sectoral factor model of core inflation had risen above 2% for the first time since the GFC. But now here we sit, back in Level 4 lockdown. So is it all over for the economic boom? Or is this just a rude interruption of unknown duration until we can get on with it?

June 2021: Finding potential (PDF 1.17MB)
New Zealand’s economy is well on the way to recovery. Successful virus containment meant we could come out of lockdown much faster than our trading partners. This, combined with solid labour market outcomes, has seen economic activity rebound to such an extent that some sectors are now running into capacity constraints. Our capacity indicators show that the output gap has likely closed, which is supporting inflationary pressure

February 2021: The journey back (PDF 716KB)
Compared to 2019, the economy is running a different vehicle on a different fuel, on a different road, leading to a different destination. This is not a textbook demand shock, nor a textbook supply shock. Getting a handle on the state of the economy is challenging, and it's not going to get any easier in 2021! The elevator pitch: 2021 will be a bit of a sideways year (with noise in the data); monetary policy has done enough (barring downside risks); and central government has its work cut out to address inequality and the housing crisis. 

October 2020: A delicate balance (PDF 528KB)
Although the New Zealand economy has been relatively resilient through the COVID-19 crisis so far, the outlook remains highly uncertain. The downturn is still getting underway, and there is noise in the data and much still to be learned about the true state of the economy. Weighing up the outlook in the face of this uncertainty is a challenge for policy makers, businesses and households alike. But although much is unknown, there are some key features that will shape the outlook.

July 2020: Finding our way (PDF 940KB)
The New Zealand economy has been able to return to something closer to normal, but the outlook is a challenging one. Closed borders mean a smaller economy, and recessionary impacts of this are unavoidable. Households and businesses are cautious and unemployment is rising. Investment and spending will be weaker, with policy providing an important but only partial offset. The slowdown will be large and the recovery slow. We present alternative scenarios to help articulate the degree of uncertainty around our central outlook. The common thread is that risks are skewed to the downside. Given the global recessionary dynamics that are already in train, upside is limited. While there are 50+ shades of grey around the outlook, we think the implications for are actually quite binary.

April 2020: Black swan (PDF 740KB)
The world is in the midst of an unprecedented health and economic crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic is wreaking havoc on lives and livelihoods, including here in New Zealand. Unprecedented activity restrictions have been absolutely necessary, but have stopped the global economy in its tracks. The economic slump underway is truly enormous. Rightly, the crisis has galvanised policymakers with governments and central banks taking unprecedented steps to cushion the blow and ease pressures in financial markets. Nonetheless, the impacts of this crisis will be with us in months and years to come.

January 2020: Through the looking glass (PDF 988KB)
As we enter 2020, we begin the next chapter for the New Zealand economy. While capacity pressures have eased, economic momentum appears to be finding a floor, with drivers in place for gradual improvement over the next two years, despite headwinds. Housing market strength, fiscal spending, high terms of trade, the tight labour market and low interest rates are expected to provide support. We assume the coronavirus outbreak will weigh a little on our export prices and volumes in the near term, but impacts are highly uncertain at this stage. GDP growth is expected to sit around trend on average, with inflation close to target. The RBNZ can afford to be patient, waiting to see how the story unfolds. The economy is at a crossroads and the political and international context will be crucial. We see upside risk from housing and fiscal spending, but large downside risks from unforecastable global shocks, including the potential impacts of the new coronavirus.

• Summary chartpack (PDF 860KB)